PRESBYOPIA

The ability to see clearly at different distances is something most people take for granted throughout early adulthood. Reading a menu, viewing a mobile phone, focussing on a monitor, reviewing documents and recognising faces across a room all rely upon the eye's remarkable ability to continuously adjust focus. These adjustments in focus are achieved seamlessly for most humans in the first three to four decades of life, through flexion of the ciliary muscles and adjustment in the size and refractive power of the lens (1). Over time, however, due to natural physiological processes, this flexibility gradually diminishes (2). The result is presbyopia, an age-related change in visual function that affects virtually every individual and commonly becomes noticeable during the fourth and fifth decades of life(1, 2).

Although presbyopia is a natural part of ageing, its impact upon quality of life is substantial and difficult to adapt to (3,4). Modern lifestyles demand clear, dynamic and comfortable vision across multiple viewing distances throughout the day. Whether responding to emails, working with digital devices, reading fine print, driving, engaging in hobbies or enjoying social interactions, reduced near vision can affect productivity, visual comfort, efficiency and confidence (3-6). Many patients describe finding themselves holding reading material further away, increasing text size on digital devices, experiencing greater visual fatigue, or requiring additional lighting for tasks that were previously effortless. Continued difficulty in focussing on near objects throughout the day can lead to increased administrative errors, reduced enjoyment of tasks, and pronounced mental and physical fatigue (6,7).

References

  1. Zhang, G., Jiang, J., Wei, Q., & Qu, C. (2024). Effects of accommodation on geometrical parameters of human lens: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon, 10(8). 

  2. Davies, L. N., Biswas, S., Bullimore, M., Cruickshank, F., Estevez, J. J., Khanal, S., ... & Wolffsohn, J. S. (2024). BCLA CLEAR presbyopia: Mechanism and optics. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye, 47(4), 102185. 

  3. Shrivastava, S. R., Bobhate, P. S., & Meshram, P. (2025). Minimizing the burden of uncorrected presbyopia and its impact on reduced productivity. International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences, 14(3), 266-268. 

  4. León Maldonado, L. N., Carrasco Romero, N. A., Núñez Carranza, K. L., & Molina-Montoya, N. P. (2023). Quality of life and productivity in uncorrected presbyope workers: systematic review. 

  5. Wolffsohn, J. S., Davies, L. N., & Sheppard, A. L. (2023). New insights in presbyopia: impact of correction strategies. BMJ open Ophthalmology, 8(1). 

  6. Brujic, M., Kruger, P., Todd, J., Barnes, E., Wuttke, M., Perna, F., & Aliò, J. (2022). Living with presbyopia: experiences from a virtual roundtable dialogue among impacted individuals and healthcare professionals. BMC ophthalmology, 22(1), 204. 

  7. Stokes, J., Shirneshan, E., Graham, C. A., Paulich, M., & Johnson, N. (2022). Exploring the experience of living with and managing presbyopia. Optometry and Vision Science, 99(8), 635-644. 

  8. Rich, W., & Reilly, M. A. (2023). A review of lens biomechanical contributions to presbyopia. Current eye research, 48(2), 182-194. 

  9. Markoulli, M., Fricke, T. R., Arvind, A., Frick, K. D., Hart, K. M., Joshi, M. R., ... & Wolffsohn, J. S. (2024). BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Epidemiology and impact. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye, 47(4), 102157. 

  10. Orman, B., & Benozzi, G. (2023). Pharmacological treatments for presbyopia. Drugs & Aging, 40(2), 105-116. 

  11. Delanghe, J. R. (2026). Pharmacological treatment of presbyopia. Acta Clinica Belgica, 1-7.